Julius Caesar 2002 Neu im kino
Julius Caesar gehört zu den wichtigsten Männern der Geschichte. Er war ein erprobter Politiker, ein herausragender Schriftsteller, ein couragierter Soldat, und dennoch auch ein einfacher Mann. Die Dokumentation zeigt sein Leben von den großen. Julius Caesar ist ein zweiteiliger Fernsehfilm aus dem Jahr Er berichtet vom Leben des römischen Politikers und Feldherrn Julius Caesar von 82 v. cirqueproductions.eu: Finden Sie Julius Caesar in unserem vielfältigen DVD- & Blu-ray-Angebot. Dezember ; Darsteller: Jeremy Sisto, Richard Harris, Christopher. Julius Caesar ein Film von Uli Edel mit Jeremy Sisto, Richard Harris. Inhaltsangabe: Nachdem der adlige Optimat Sulla (Richard Harris) in Rom die Macht. Julius Caesar. D / I / USA Jetzt ansehen. Biografie ( Min.). Komplette Handlung und Informationen zu Julius Caesar. Fast ein Vierteljahrhundert dauerte der Aufstieg Caesars zum Alleinherrscher über das römische. Rom, 82 vor Christus: Der Feldherr Lucius Cornelius Sulla marschiert mit seinen Legionen in die Stadt ein und entmachtet den Senat. Seine Kritiker lässt er auf.
He was soon called back into military action in Asia, raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east.
On his return to Rome, he was elected military tribune , a first step in a political career. He was elected quaestor for 69 BC, [32] and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia , and included images of her husband Marius in the funeral procession, unseen since the days of Sulla.
His wife Cornelia also died that year. On his return in 67 BC, [35] he married Pompeia , a granddaughter of Sulla, whom he later divorced in 61 BC after her embroilment in the Bona Dea scandal.
In 63 BC, he ran for election to the post of pontifex maximus , chief priest of the Roman state religion. He ran against two powerful senators. Accusations of bribery were made by all sides.
Caesar won comfortably, despite his opponents' greater experience and standing. After serving as praetor in 62 BC, Caesar was appointed to govern Hispania Ulterior the western part of the Iberian Peninsula as propraetor , [40] [41] [42] though some sources suggest that he held proconsular powers.
He turned to Marcus Licinius Crassus , the richest man in Rome. Crassus paid some of Caesar's debts and acted as guarantor for others, in return for political support in his opposition to the interests of Pompey.
Even so, to avoid becoming a private citizen and thus open to prosecution for his debts, Caesar left for his province before his praetorship had ended.
In Spain, he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops; he reformed the law regarding debts, and completed his governorship in high esteem.
Caesar was acclaimed imperator in 60 BC and again later in 45 BC. In the Roman Republic, this was an honorary title assumed by certain military commanders.
After an especially great victory, army troops in the field would proclaim their commander imperator , an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph.
However, he also wanted to stand for consul, the most senior magistracy in the republic. If he were to celebrate a triumph, he would have to remain a soldier and stay outside the city until the ceremony, but to stand for election he would need to lay down his command and enter Rome as a private citizen.
He could not do both in the time available. He asked the senate for permission to stand in absentia , but Cato blocked the proposal. Faced with the choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship.
The election was sordid—even Cato , with his reputation for incorruptibility, is said to have resorted to bribery in favour of one of Caesar's opponents.
Caesar won, along with conservative Marcus Bibulus. Caesar was already in Marcus Licinius Crassus ' political debt, but he also made overtures to Pompey.
Pompey and Crassus had been at odds for a decade, so Caesar tried to reconcile them. The three of them had enough money and political influence to control public business.
This informal alliance, known as the First Triumvirate "rule of three men" , was cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter Julia.
Caesar proposed a law for redistributing public lands to the poor—by force of arms, if need be—a proposal supported by Pompey and by Crassus, making the triumvirate public.
Pompey filled the city with soldiers, a move which intimidated the triumvirate's opponents. Bibulus attempted to declare the omens unfavourable and thus void the new law, but he was driven from the forum by Caesar's armed supporters.
His lictors had their fasces broken, two high magistrates accompanying him were wounded, and he had a bucket of excrement thrown over him.
In fear of his life, he retired to his house for the rest of the year, issuing occasional proclamations of bad omens. These attempts proved ineffective in obstructing Caesar's legislation.
Roman satirists ever after referred to the year as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar. When Caesar was first elected, the aristocracy tried to limit his future power by allotting the woods and pastures of Italy, rather than the governorship of a province, as his military command duty after his year in office was over.
Caesar was still deeply in debt, but there was money to be made as a governor, whether by extortion [56] or by military adventurism.
Caesar had four legions under his command, two of his provinces bordered on unconquered territory, and parts of Gaul were known to be unstable.
Some of Rome's Gallic allies had been defeated by their rivals at the Battle of Magetobriga , with the help of a contingent of Germanic tribes.
The Romans feared these tribes were preparing to migrate south, closer to Italy, and that they had warlike intent. Caesar raised two new legions and defeated these tribes.
In response to Caesar's earlier activities, the tribes in the north-east began to arm themselves. Caesar treated this as an aggressive move and, after an inconclusive engagement against the united tribes, he conquered the tribes piecemeal.
Meanwhile, one of his legions began the conquest of the tribes in the far north, directly opposite Britain. The Lucca Conference renewed the First Triumvirate and extended Caesar's governorship for another five years.
In 55 BC, Caesar repelled an incursion into Gaul by two Germanic tribes, and followed it up by building a bridge across the Rhine and making a show of force in Germanic territory, before returning and dismantling the bridge.
Late that summer, having subdued two other tribes, he crossed into Britain , claiming that the Britons had aided one of his enemies the previous year, possibly the Veneti of Brittany.
He raided out from his beachhead and destroyed some villages. Then he returned to Gaul for the winter. He advanced inland, and established a few alliances.
However, poor harvests led to widespread revolt in Gaul, which forced Caesar to leave Britain for the last time.
While Caesar was in Britain his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, had died in childbirth. Caesar tried to re-secure Pompey's support by offering him his great-niece in marriage, but Pompey declined.
In 53 BC Crassus was killed leading a failed invasion of the east. Rome was on the brink of civil war. Pompey was appointed sole consul as an emergency measure, and married the daughter of a political opponent of Caesar.
The Triumvirate was dead. Though the Gallic tribes were just as strong as the Romans militarily, the internal division among the Gauls guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar.
Vercingetorix 's attempt in 52 BC to unite them against Roman invasion came too late. In 50 BC, the Senate led by Pompey ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had finished.
Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. Upon crossing the Rubicon , Caesar, according to Plutarch and Suetonius, is supposed to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander , in Greek, " the die is cast ".
Pompey, despite greatly outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, did not intend to fight. Caesar pursued Pompey, hoping to capture Pompey before his legions could escape.
Pompey managed to escape before Caesar could capture him. After an astonishing day route-march, Caesar defeated Pompey's lieutenants, then returned east, to challenge Pompey in Illyria, where, on 10 July 48 BC in the battle of Dyrrhachium , Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat.
In an exceedingly short engagement later that year, he decisively defeated Pompey at Pharsalus , in Greece on 9 August 48 BC.
In Rome, Caesar was appointed dictator , [77] with Mark Antony as his Master of the Horse second in command ; Caesar presided over his own election to a second consulship and then, after 11 days, resigned this dictatorship.
There, Caesar was presented with Pompey's severed head and seal-ring, receiving these with tears. Caesar then became involved with an Egyptian civil war between the child pharaoh and his sister, wife, and co-regent queen, Cleopatra.
Perhaps as a result of the pharaoh's role in Pompey's murder, Caesar sided with Cleopatra. The royal barge was accompanied by additional ships, and Caesar was introduced to the luxurious lifestyle of the Egyptian pharaohs.
Caesar and Cleopatra were not married. Caesar continued his relationship with Cleopatra throughout his last marriage—in Roman eyes, this did not constitute adultery—and probably fathered a son called Caesarion.
Cleopatra visited Rome on more than one occasion, residing in Caesar's villa just outside Rome across the Tiber. Late in 48 BC, Caesar was again appointed dictator, with a term of one year.
After this victory, he was appointed dictator for 10 years. While he was still campaigning in Spain, the Senate began bestowing honours on Caesar.
Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning almost all, and there was no serious public opposition to him. Great games and celebrations were held in April to honour Caesar's victory at Munda.
Plutarch writes that many Romans found the triumph held following Caesar's victory to be in poor taste, as those defeated in the civil war had not been foreigners, but instead fellow Romans.
Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus would be the next heir in succession. Second, he wanted to create a strong central government in Rome.
Finally, he wanted to knit together all of the provinces into a single cohesive unit. The first goal was accomplished when Caesar defeated Pompey and his supporters.
Finally, he enacted a series of reforms that were meant to address several long-neglected issues, the most important of which was his reform of the calendar.
When Caesar returned to Rome, the Senate granted him triumphs for his victories, ostensibly those over Gaul, Egypt, Pharnaces , and Juba , rather than over his Roman opponents.
A naval battle was held on a flooded basin at the Field of Mars. Again, some bystanders complained, this time at Caesar's wasteful extravagance.
A riot broke out, and only stopped when Caesar had two rioters sacrificed by the priests on the Field of Mars. After the triumph, Caesar set out to pass an ambitious legislative agenda.
He passed a sumptuary law that restricted the purchase of certain luxuries. After this, he passed a law that rewarded families for having many children, to speed up the repopulation of Italy.
Then, he outlawed professional guilds, except those of ancient foundation, since many of these were subversive political clubs. He then passed a term-limit law applicable to governors.
He passed a debt-restructuring law, which ultimately eliminated about a fourth of all debts owed. The Forum of Caesar , with its Temple of Venus Genetrix , was then built, among many other public works.
The most important change, however, was his reform of the calendar. The Roman calendar at the time was regulated by the movement of the moon.
By replacing it with the Egyptian calendar, based on the sun, Roman farmers were able to use it as the basis of consistent seasonal planting from year to year.
He set the length of the year to Thus, the Julian calendar opened on 1 January 45 BC. Shortly before his assassination, he passed a few more reforms.
He also extended Latin rights throughout the Roman world, and then abolished the tax system and reverted to the earlier version that allowed cities to collect tribute however they wanted, rather than needing Roman intermediaries.
His assassination prevented further and larger schemes, which included the construction of an unprecedented temple to Mars, a huge theatre, and a library on the scale of the Library of Alexandria.
He also wanted to convert Ostia to a major port, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth. Militarily, he wanted to conquer the Dacians and Parthians , and avenge the loss at Carrhae.
Thus, he instituted a massive mobilisation. Shortly before his assassination, the Senate named him censor for life and Father of the Fatherland , and the month of Quintilis was renamed July in his honour.
He was granted further honours, which were later used to justify his assassination as a would-be divine monarch: coins were issued bearing his image and his statue was placed next to those of the kings.
He was granted a golden chair in the Senate, was allowed to wear triumphal dress whenever he chose, and was offered a form of semi-official or popular cult , with Mark Antony as his high priest.
The history of Caesar's political appointments is complex and uncertain. Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate , but alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship.
In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers, [] [ failed verification ] which made his person sacrosanct and allowed him to veto the Senate, [] although on at least one occasion, tribunes did attempt to obstruct him.
The offending tribunes in this case were brought before the Senate and divested of their office. After he had first marched on Rome in 49 BC, he forcibly opened the treasury, although a tribune had the seal placed on it.
After the impeachment of the two obstructive tribunes, Caesar, perhaps unsurprisingly, faced no further opposition from other members of the Tribunician College.
When Caesar returned to Rome in 47 BC, the ranks of the Senate had been severely depleted, so he used his censorial powers to appoint many new senators, which eventually raised the Senate's membership to In 46 BC, Caesar gave himself the title of "Prefect of the Morals", which was an office that was new only in name, as its powers were identical to those of the censors.
He also set the precedent, which his imperial successors followed, of requiring the Senate to bestow various titles and honours upon him.
He was, for example, given the title of "Father of the Fatherland" and " imperator ". Coins bore his likeness, and he was given the right to speak first during Senate meetings.
Caesar even took steps to transform Italy into a province, and to link more tightly the other provinces of the empire into a single cohesive unit.
This addressed the underlying problem that had caused the Social War decades earlier, where persons from outside Rome or Italy did not have citizenship.
This process, of fusing the entire Roman Empire into a single unit, rather than maintaining it as a network of unequal principalities, would ultimately be completed by Caesar's successor, the Emperor Augustus.
In February 44 BC, one month before his assassination, he was appointed dictator in perpetuity. Under Caesar, a significant amount of authority was vested in his lieutenants, [99] mostly because Caesar was frequently out of Italy.
Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates, and all consuls and tribunes.
Several Senators had conspired to assassinate Caesar. Mark Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified liberator named Servilius Casca , and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off.
The plotters, however, had anticipated this and, fearing that Antony would come to Caesar's aid, had arranged for Trebonius to intercept him just as he approached the portico of the Theatre of Pompey , where the session was to be held, and detain him outside Plutarch, however, assigns this action of delaying Antony to Brutus Albinus.
When he heard the commotion from the Senate chamber, Antony fled. According to Plutarch , as Caesar arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother.
Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar's tunic.
Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence! Casca simultaneously produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck.
Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?
Within moments, the entire group, including Brutus, was striking out at the dictator. Caesar attempted to get away, but, blinded by blood, he tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenceless on the lower steps of the portico.
According to Eutropius , around 60 men participated in the assassination. He was stabbed 23 times. According to Suetonius, a physician later established that only one wound, the second one to his chest, had been lethal.
However, Suetonius' own opinion was that Caesar said nothing. Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.
Then fall, Caesar. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators; they, however, fled the building.
Caesar's dead body lay where it fell on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it. Caesar's body was cremated.
A crowd which had gathered at the cremation started a fire, which badly damaged the forum and neighbouring buildings. On the site of his cremation, the Temple of Caesar was erected a few years later at the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum.
Only its altar now remains. In the chaos following the death of Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian later Augustus Caesar , and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would culminate in the formation of the Roman Empire.
The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates , perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself.
To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir hence the name Octavian , bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.
The crowd at the funeral boiled over, throwing dry branches, furniture, and even clothing on to Caesar's funeral pyre, causing the flames to spin out of control, seriously damaging the Forum.
The mob then attacked the houses of Brutus and Cassius, where they were repelled only with considerable difficulty, ultimately providing the spark for the civil war , fulfilling at least in part Antony's threat against the aristocrats.
Octavian, aged only 18 when Caesar died, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position.
To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the cash from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them.
Because Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription , abandoned since Sulla.
Afterward, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome.
A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC and suicide in Egypt in 30 BC, resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name conveying religious, rather than political, authority.
Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia , the Caucasus , and Scythia , and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe.
These plans were thwarted by his assassination. Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified. The appearance of a comet during games in his honour was taken as confirmation of his divinity.
Though his temple was not dedicated until after his death, he may have received divine honours during his lifetime: [] and shortly before his assassination, Mark Antony had been appointed as his flamen priest.
Based on remarks by Plutarch, [] Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy. Modern scholarship is sharply divided on the subject, and some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria, particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s.
Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures. He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth.
The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius, who was born after Caesar died.
The claim of epilepsy is countered among some medical historians by a claim of hypoglycemia , which can cause epileptoid seizures.
In , psychiatrist Harbour F. Hodder published what he termed as the "Caesar Complex" theory, arguing that Caesar was a sufferer of temporal lobe epilepsy and the debilitating symptoms of the condition were a factor in Caesar's conscious decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his assassination.
A line from Shakespeare has sometimes been taken to mean that he was deaf in one ear: "Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf".
The playwright may have been making metaphorical use of a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness at all, but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon customarily made.
By covering his ear, Alexander indicated that he had turned his attention from an accusation in order to hear the defence.
Francesco M. Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian suggest that Caesar's behavioral manifestations—headaches, vertigo, falls possibly caused by muscle weakness due to nerve damage , sensory deficit, giddiness and insensibility—and syncopal episodes were the results of cerebrovascular episodes, not epilepsy.
Pliny the Elder reports in his Natural History that Caesar's father and forefather died without apparent cause while putting on their shoes.
These events can be more readily associated with cardiovascular complications from a stroke episode or lethal heart attack. Caesar possibly had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease.
Suetonius , writing more than a century after Caesar's death, describes Caesar as "tall of stature with a fair complexion, shapely limbs, a somewhat full face, and keen black eyes".
The standard abbreviation was C. In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied.
Young wealthy Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus.
Thus, his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible , which contains the famous verse " Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's".
This means that for almost two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name. Grandchild from Julia and Pompey , dead at several days, unnamed.
Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity , regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority. Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that, "Caesar may have conquered the Gauls, but Nicomedes conquered Caesar.
The stories were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio , even under oath on one occasion.
Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers, [] but later apologised. Mark Antony charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors.
Suetonius described Antony's accusation of an affair with Octavian as political slander. Octavian eventually became the first Roman Emperor as Augustus.
During his lifetime, Caesar was regarded as one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin —even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style.
A few sentences from other works are quoted by other authors. Among his lost works are his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato , a document written to defame Cato in response to Cicero's published praise.
Poems by Julius Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources. These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns, as a sort of "dispatches from the front.
They may have been presented as public readings. The texts written by Caesar, an autobiography of the most important events of his public life, are the most complete primary source for the reconstruction of his biography.
However, Caesar wrote those texts with his political career in mind, so historians must filter the exaggerations and bias contained in it. The modern historiography is influenced by the Octavian traditions, such as when Caesar's epoch is considered a turning point in the history of the Roman Empire.
Still, historians try to filter the Octavian bias. Many rulers in history became interested in the historiography of Caesar.
The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic. Charles V ordered a topographic study in France, to place The Gallic Wars in context; which created forty high-quality maps of the conflict.
The contemporary Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent catalogued the surviving editions of the Commentaries , and translated them to Turkish language.
Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism , a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality , whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order , and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government.
Bust in Naples National Archaeological Museum , photograph published in Bust of Julius Caesar from the British Museum.
Atrebates , Aduatuci. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Pompey buys a swine's heart from the market and tells Sulla that the heart is Caesar's.
Caesar is captured by pirates who intend to ransom him for money. When the Romans crew sent with the message of the ransom don't return, the pirates plan to kill him.
Caesar bargains to fight one of them for an extra day and wins, then has a seizure and the pirates believe him worthless, deciding to throw him in the sea; just in time the Roman boat returns with the money and they let Caesar go.
Back in Rome, Sulla dies of a heart-attack and Caesar is allowed to return home. While he was gone Cornelia became very ill and Julia befriended the young daughter of Caesar's rival Marcus Porcius Cato , Portia , her brother Marcus and their cousin Brutus.
When Cornelia dies from her illness, Caesar swears at her funeral that he will make Rome a better place.
Around this time the same pirates who held him captive cut off the grain supply. The senate send Pompey to deal with the problem after Caesar convinced them that he will not take the city with his army like Sulla did.
Several years later Pompey returns to Rome and Caesar has achieved the consulship. On the day of Pompey's triumph Julia, Portia and Marcus decide to go and Portia insists on dragging Brutus along with them.
At the triumph, Caesar has another seizure but is aided by Calpurnia , daughter of a wealthy man in Rome. At Pompey's welcome home party, while Pompey gets on well with Julia, Caesar notices Calpurnia who he doesn't remember from their encounter before.
Caesar swears to his mother that he will make a name for himself. Julia realizes that her father needs an alliance and offers to marry Pompey in order to obtain his legions.
Pompey agrees and he marries Julia. In marrying her, he agrees to allow Caesar to take his legions to Gaul, despite the fact that the senate wished to send Cassius.
Calpurnia tells Caesar that she knows about his "falling sickness" and he confesses that it shames him. Before he goes to Gaul, Caesar marries Calpurnia and the two of them remain in contact through letters.
While sacking a town in Gaul, Caesar comes across a strong-willed warrior who refuses to give in to the Romans attacking his home. He tells Caesar his name is Vercingetorix.
Caesar asks him why he is willing to die for something that will be destroyed no matter what, and the warrior replies "because it is mine".
Admiring his strength of will, Caesar lets him go, giving him a horse. However, later on, the same warrior chief summons a huge army to fight Caesar's legions at the Battle of Alesia.
Outnumbered and surrounded, Caesar's army nevertheless emerges victorious. Meanwhile, in Rome Julia dies in childbirth, and Pompey begins to turn against Caesar who he fears is becoming too powerful.
He allies with Cato to attack Caesar politically. Caesar sends Mark Antony to talk to the Senate, but this makes the situation worse. Pompey begins planning to attack Caesar before he can march to Rome, but is too late.
Caesar makes his way back to Rome and crosses the river Rubicon with his army. Pompey, Cato and Brutus immediately decide to leave to regroup their own troops in Greece.
Upon his return to Rome Caesar is made dictator. He then catches up with and defeats Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus , who then flees to Egypt.
Julius Caesar 2002 Streams und Mediatheken
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Tobias Moretti. Hexen hexen. Deutscher Titel.Mark Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified liberator named Servilius Casca , and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off.
The plotters, however, had anticipated this and, fearing that Antony would come to Caesar's aid, had arranged for Trebonius to intercept him just as he approached the portico of the Theatre of Pompey , where the session was to be held, and detain him outside Plutarch, however, assigns this action of delaying Antony to Brutus Albinus.
When he heard the commotion from the Senate chamber, Antony fled. According to Plutarch , as Caesar arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother.
Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar's tunic.
Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence! Casca simultaneously produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck.
Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?
Within moments, the entire group, including Brutus, was striking out at the dictator. Caesar attempted to get away, but, blinded by blood, he tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenceless on the lower steps of the portico.
According to Eutropius , around 60 men participated in the assassination. He was stabbed 23 times. According to Suetonius, a physician later established that only one wound, the second one to his chest, had been lethal.
However, Suetonius' own opinion was that Caesar said nothing. Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.
Then fall, Caesar. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators; they, however, fled the building.
Caesar's dead body lay where it fell on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it.
Caesar's body was cremated. A crowd which had gathered at the cremation started a fire, which badly damaged the forum and neighbouring buildings.
On the site of his cremation, the Temple of Caesar was erected a few years later at the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum. Only its altar now remains.
In the chaos following the death of Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian later Augustus Caesar , and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would culminate in the formation of the Roman Empire.
The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates , perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself.
To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir hence the name Octavian , bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.
The crowd at the funeral boiled over, throwing dry branches, furniture, and even clothing on to Caesar's funeral pyre, causing the flames to spin out of control, seriously damaging the Forum.
The mob then attacked the houses of Brutus and Cassius, where they were repelled only with considerable difficulty, ultimately providing the spark for the civil war , fulfilling at least in part Antony's threat against the aristocrats.
Octavian, aged only 18 when Caesar died, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position.
To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the cash from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them.
Because Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription , abandoned since Sulla.
Afterward, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome.
A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC and suicide in Egypt in 30 BC, resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name conveying religious, rather than political, authority.
Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia , the Caucasus , and Scythia , and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe.
These plans were thwarted by his assassination. Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified. The appearance of a comet during games in his honour was taken as confirmation of his divinity.
Though his temple was not dedicated until after his death, he may have received divine honours during his lifetime: [] and shortly before his assassination, Mark Antony had been appointed as his flamen priest.
Based on remarks by Plutarch, [] Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy. Modern scholarship is sharply divided on the subject, and some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria, particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s.
Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures. He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth.
The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius, who was born after Caesar died.
The claim of epilepsy is countered among some medical historians by a claim of hypoglycemia , which can cause epileptoid seizures. In , psychiatrist Harbour F.
Hodder published what he termed as the "Caesar Complex" theory, arguing that Caesar was a sufferer of temporal lobe epilepsy and the debilitating symptoms of the condition were a factor in Caesar's conscious decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his assassination.
A line from Shakespeare has sometimes been taken to mean that he was deaf in one ear: "Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf".
The playwright may have been making metaphorical use of a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness at all, but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon customarily made.
By covering his ear, Alexander indicated that he had turned his attention from an accusation in order to hear the defence.
Francesco M. Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian suggest that Caesar's behavioral manifestations—headaches, vertigo, falls possibly caused by muscle weakness due to nerve damage , sensory deficit, giddiness and insensibility—and syncopal episodes were the results of cerebrovascular episodes, not epilepsy.
Pliny the Elder reports in his Natural History that Caesar's father and forefather died without apparent cause while putting on their shoes.
These events can be more readily associated with cardiovascular complications from a stroke episode or lethal heart attack. Caesar possibly had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease.
Suetonius , writing more than a century after Caesar's death, describes Caesar as "tall of stature with a fair complexion, shapely limbs, a somewhat full face, and keen black eyes".
The standard abbreviation was C. In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied.
Young wealthy Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus.
Thus, his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible , which contains the famous verse " Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's".
This means that for almost two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name.
Grandchild from Julia and Pompey , dead at several days, unnamed. Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity , regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority.
Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that, "Caesar may have conquered the Gauls, but Nicomedes conquered Caesar.
The stories were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him.
Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio , even under oath on one occasion.
Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers, [] but later apologised. Mark Antony charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors.
Suetonius described Antony's accusation of an affair with Octavian as political slander. Octavian eventually became the first Roman Emperor as Augustus.
During his lifetime, Caesar was regarded as one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin —even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style.
A few sentences from other works are quoted by other authors. Among his lost works are his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato , a document written to defame Cato in response to Cicero's published praise.
Poems by Julius Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources. These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns, as a sort of "dispatches from the front.
They may have been presented as public readings. The texts written by Caesar, an autobiography of the most important events of his public life, are the most complete primary source for the reconstruction of his biography.
However, Caesar wrote those texts with his political career in mind, so historians must filter the exaggerations and bias contained in it.
The modern historiography is influenced by the Octavian traditions, such as when Caesar's epoch is considered a turning point in the history of the Roman Empire.
Still, historians try to filter the Octavian bias. Many rulers in history became interested in the historiography of Caesar.
The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic. Charles V ordered a topographic study in France, to place The Gallic Wars in context; which created forty high-quality maps of the conflict.
The contemporary Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent catalogued the surviving editions of the Commentaries , and translated them to Turkish language.
Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism , a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality , whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order , and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government.
Bust in Naples National Archaeological Museum , photograph published in Bust of Julius Caesar from the British Museum. Atrebates , Aduatuci.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Roman general and dictator. This article is about the Roman dictator. For other uses, see Julius Caesar disambiguation and Caesar disambiguation.
The Tusculum portrait , possibly the only surviving sculpture of Caesar made during his lifetime. Archaeological Museum, Turin , Italy. Rome , Italy , Roman Republic.
Bellum Gallicum Bellum Civile. Main article: Early life and career of Julius Caesar. Main article: Gallic Wars.
Main article: Caesar's Civil War. Main article: Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar. See also: Assassination of Julius Caesar.
See also: Divus Julius and Caesar's Comet. Main article: Gaius Julius Caesar name. Main article: Julio-Claudian family tree. Main article: Caesarism.
Main article: Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar. Modern bronze statue of Julius Caesar, Rimini , Italy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 30 May Archived from the original on 13 February Life of Caesar.
Project Gutenberg e-text. Archived from the original on 9 December The misconception that Julius Caesar himself was born by Caesarian section dates back at least to the 10th century Suda kappa Julius was not the first to bear the name, and in his time the procedure was only performed on dead women, while Caesar's mother Aurelia lived long after he was born.
Archived from the original on 22 March Plutarch Caesar 1. Velleius Paterculus Roman History Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator. The Rosen Publishing Group.
Caesar de Bello Gallico. Cambridge Elementary Classics. Retrieved 26 December Lives of the Caesars. Translated by J. In Flower, Harriet ed.
The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2 ed. Cambridge University Press. The Classical Outlook. A History of the British Isles.
Palgrave MacMillan. Retrieved 6 April Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes.
Retrieved 15 February Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering.
In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states.
Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late.
In Weiland, J. Erasmus of Rotterdam: the man and the scholar. Leiden, Netherlands: E. Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Women in the ancient world. Roetzel, Continuum International Publishing Group, Technically, Caesar was not appointed dictator with a term of 10 years, but he was appointed annual dictator for the next 10 years in advance.
Yale University. Retrieved 28 April J C Rolfe". Rolfe translation of " The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations. London: Routledge.
Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. The Works of William Shakespeare. London: Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 8 January Roman Religion.
Ancient Rome: An Introductory History. University of Oklahoma Press. Trends in Parasitology. Cell Press. Retrieved 2 May Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences.
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc. Retrieved 11 May If so, what was the etiology? Epilepsy Behav. The Journal of the Florida Medical Association.
Schneble 1 January German Epilepsy Museum. Retrieved 28 August Harvard, Boston: Harvard University. Neurological Sciences. Junius Brutus ," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8 , p.
This would appear to be a misreading, given Syme's fuller argument twenty years later in "No Son for Caesar? See also Poems by Julius Caesar. Transaction Publishers.
History Compass. Unpatriotic History of the Second World War. John Hunt Publishing. Latin and English, cross-linked: the English translation by J.
Rolfe English translation, modified. Abbott, Frank Frost Elibron Classics. Canfora, Luciano Julius Caesar: The People's Dictator.
Edinburgh University Press. Freeman, Philip Julius Caesar. Simon and Schuster. Fuller, J. Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant.
Goldsworthy, Adrian Caesar: Life of a Colossus. Yale University Press. Grant, Michael New York: McGraw-Hill. The Twelve Caesars.
New York: Penguin Books. Griffin, Miriam, ed. A Companion to Julius Caesar. Holland, Tom Anchor Books. Kleiner, Diana E. Cleopatra and Rome.
Harvard University Press. Meier, Christian Caesar: A Biography. Fontana Press. Tucker, Spencer History of the Roman People.
Weinstock, Stefan Divus Julius. Oxford University Press. This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 10 January , and does not reflect subsequent edits.
Audio help More spoken articles. Alea iacta est Veni, vidi, vici Ut est rerum omnium magister usus. Cossutia disputed Cornelia Pompeia Calpurnia.
Caesar is captured by pirates who intend to ransom him for money. When the Romans crew sent with the message of the ransom don't return, the pirates plan to kill him.
Caesar bargains to fight one of them for an extra day and wins, then has a seizure and the pirates believe him worthless, deciding to throw him in the sea; just in time the Roman boat returns with the money and they let Caesar go.
Back in Rome, Sulla dies of a heart-attack and Caesar is allowed to return home. While he was gone Cornelia became very ill and Julia befriended the young daughter of Caesar's rival Marcus Porcius Cato , Portia , her brother Marcus and their cousin Brutus.
When Cornelia dies from her illness, Caesar swears at her funeral that he will make Rome a better place. Around this time the same pirates who held him captive cut off the grain supply.
The senate send Pompey to deal with the problem after Caesar convinced them that he will not take the city with his army like Sulla did.
Several years later Pompey returns to Rome and Caesar has achieved the consulship. On the day of Pompey's triumph Julia, Portia and Marcus decide to go and Portia insists on dragging Brutus along with them.
At the triumph, Caesar has another seizure but is aided by Calpurnia , daughter of a wealthy man in Rome. At Pompey's welcome home party, while Pompey gets on well with Julia, Caesar notices Calpurnia who he doesn't remember from their encounter before.
Caesar swears to his mother that he will make a name for himself. Julia realizes that her father needs an alliance and offers to marry Pompey in order to obtain his legions.
Pompey agrees and he marries Julia. In marrying her, he agrees to allow Caesar to take his legions to Gaul, despite the fact that the senate wished to send Cassius.
Calpurnia tells Caesar that she knows about his "falling sickness" and he confesses that it shames him.
Before he goes to Gaul, Caesar marries Calpurnia and the two of them remain in contact through letters. While sacking a town in Gaul, Caesar comes across a strong-willed warrior who refuses to give in to the Romans attacking his home.
He tells Caesar his name is Vercingetorix. Caesar asks him why he is willing to die for something that will be destroyed no matter what, and the warrior replies "because it is mine".
Admiring his strength of will, Caesar lets him go, giving him a horse. However, later on, the same warrior chief summons a huge army to fight Caesar's legions at the Battle of Alesia.
Outnumbered and surrounded, Caesar's army nevertheless emerges victorious. Meanwhile, in Rome Julia dies in childbirth, and Pompey begins to turn against Caesar who he fears is becoming too powerful.
He allies with Cato to attack Caesar politically. Caesar sends Mark Antony to talk to the Senate, but this makes the situation worse.
Pompey begins planning to attack Caesar before he can march to Rome, but is too late. Caesar makes his way back to Rome and crosses the river Rubicon with his army.
Pompey, Cato and Brutus immediately decide to leave to regroup their own troops in Greece. Upon his return to Rome Caesar is made dictator.
He then catches up with and defeats Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus , who then flees to Egypt. After the battle Caesar pardons the captured soldiers of Pompey, including Brutus to whom he says that if anyone wants peace they shall have it.
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